When a patient presents with long-standing upper abdominal pain, weight loss, or greasy stools, the pancreas often becomes the organ of interest. Chronic pancreatitis is one of those conditions where diagnosis is rarely straightforward. Enzyme levels may be normal, imaging may look subtle, and symptoms can overlap with many other gastrointestinal disorders.
A structured approach helps bring clarity.
What Do We Mean by Chronic Pancreatitis?
Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive inflammatory condition that causes permanent damage to the pancreas. Over time, the gland loses both its digestive (exocrine) and hormonal (endocrine) functions. Unlike acute pancreatitis, the damage here is irreversible.
To understand why chronic pancreatitis occurs, it is helpful to remember the TIGER-O classification.
Causes of Chronic Pancreatitis (TIGER-O)
The TIGER-O classification groups causes in a logical and exam-friendly way:
- T – Toxic causes
Alcohol remains the most common cause worldwide. - I – Idiopathic causes
Some patients develop chronic pancreatitis without an identifiable cause.
- Early-onset disease is often seen in younger patients.
- Late-onset disease may appear in older adults with no clear trigger.
- Early-onset disease is often seen in younger patients.
- G – Genetic causes
Mutations affecting enzyme regulation increase susceptibility. - A – Autoimmune pancreatitis
Often associated with IgG4 disease and responds well to steroids. - R – Recurrent acute pancreatitis
Repeated acute episodes can gradually progress to chronic disease. - O – Obstructive causes
Benign strictures or malignant lesions causing ductal obstruction.
How Do Patients Present?
The symptoms of chronic pancreatitis usually fall into three broad categories.
Pain
Patients typically complain of persistent or recurrent epigastric pain. The pain often radiates to the back and is classically relieved when the patient bends forward or sits upright.
Endocrine Insufficiency
As pancreatic tissue is lost, insulin production falls, leading to diabetes.
Exocrine Insufficiency
Loss of digestive enzymes results in:
- Steatorrhea (bulky, oily stools)
- Weight loss
- Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins
Diagnosis: Why Enzyme Levels Can Be Misleading
One common mistake is assuming that normal amylase and lipase rule out pancreatic disease. In chronic pancreatitis, the gland is already damaged and atrophic, so enzyme levels are often normal.
Diagnosis rests on three pillars:
- Clinical features
- Imaging findings
- Functional assessment
Imaging in Chronic Pancreatitis
CT Scan
CT may show:
- Pancreatic calcifications
- Dilated pancreatic duct
- Parenchymal atrophy
These findings are usually seen in established disease.
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)
EUS is the most sensitive investigation, especially for early disease. It also has the highest sensitivity for detecting common bile duct stones.
EUS Criteria for Chronic Pancreatitis
EUS evaluates both ductal and parenchymal changes.
Ductal features include:
- Ductal dilatation
- Irregular duct margins
- Ductal stones
- Side-branch abnormalities
Parenchymal features include:
- Calcifications
- Loss of normal architecture
- Atrophy
- Honeycombing appearance
When five or more features are present, chronic pancreatitis is diagnosed.
Pancreatic Function Tests
Direct Tests
Secretin stimulation tests directly assess pancreatic secretion but are rarely performed today due to limited availability and complexity.
Indirect Tests
Fecal elastase
- Most widely used and practical test
- Values below 100 μg/g indicate severe exocrine insufficiency
- Less reliable for mild disease
- Can be falsely low in diarrhea and poorly controlled diabetes
Fecal fat estimation
- Measures fat loss over 72 hours
- More than 14 g/day suggests steatorrhea
- Non-specific, as intestinal disorders can also cause fat malabsorption
A useful clinical rule:
- Early disease → ductal dysfunction → secretin tests help
- Advanced disease → acinar loss → fecal elastase is more informative
Management of Chronic Pancreatitis
Management focuses on three key problems.
Pain Management
Pain is often the most difficult symptom to control.
- NSAIDs or opioids may be required
- Celiac plexus block, performed under EUS guidance, can significantly reduce pain
Endocrine Insufficiency
Diabetes is managed with insulin or oral agents depending on severity.
Exocrine Insufficiency
Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy is essential.
- Enzymes should be taken with meals
- Improves digestion, weight, and nutritional status
A Brief Note on Pancreatic Cysts and Neoplasms
- Serous cystadenoma is benign and does not require surveillance.
- IPMN is premalignant and needs regular follow-up.
- Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is aggressive and often presents with the double-duct sign.
Final Thoughts
Chronic pancreatitis is not a condition diagnosed by a single test or treated with a single drug. It requires clinical judgment, thoughtful use of investigations, and long-term management.
Understanding the underlying physiology and disease progression makes the condition far less confusing and far more manageable—both in exams and in real-world practice.
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